Update implemented C++23 language features in "Microsoft C/C++ language conformance by Visual Studio version"

[Rageking8]

These are the updated C++23 language features and their respective references for quick verification of when it's implemented:

Feature	Supported	Reference
P0330R8 Literal Suffix for (signed) size_t	VS 2022 17.13	https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/msvc-compiler-updates-in-visual-studio-2022-version-17-13/#c++23-features
P0847R7 Deducing this	VS 2022 17.2	https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/cpp23-deducing-this/
P1102R2 Down with ()!	VS 2022 17.14	https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/whats-new-for-cpp-developers-in-visual-studio-2022-17-14/#compiler
P1169R4 static operator()	VS 2022 17.14	https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/whats-new-for-cpp-developers-in-visual-studio-2022-17-14/#compiler
P1938R3 if consteval	VS 2022 17.14	https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/whats-new-for-cpp-developers-in-visual-studio-2022-17-14/#compiler
P2128R6 Multidimensional subscript operator	VS 2022 17.12	https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/msvc-compiler-language-updates-in-visual-studio-2022-version-17-12/#c++23-features:
P2173R1 Attributes on Lambda-Expressions	VS 2022 17.14	https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/whats-new-for-cpp-developers-in-visual-studio-2022-17-14/#compiler
P2242R3 Non-literal variables (and labels and gotos) in constexpr functions	VS 2022 17.13	https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/msvc-compiler-updates-in-visual-studio-2022-version-17-13/#c++23-features
P2334R1 preprocessing directives elifdef and elifndef	VS 2022 17.10	https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/overview/cpp-conformance-improvements?view=msvc-170#added-support-for-elifdef-and-elifndef
P2493R0 Missing feature test macros for C++20 core papers	VS 2022 17.2	https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support.html#cpp23
P2589R1 static operator[]	VS 2022 17.14	https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/whats-new-for-cpp-developers-in-visual-studio-2022-17-14/#compiler

[prmerger-automator]

@Rageking8 : Thanks for your contribution! The author(s) and reviewer(s) have been notified to review your proposed change.

[learn-build-service-prod]

Learn Build status updates of commit 55d5393:

✅ Validation status: passed

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[learn-build-service-prod]

Learn Build status updates of commit 14e1a74:

✅ Validation status: passed

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docs/overview/visual-cpp-language-conformance.md	✅Succeeded

For more details, please refer to the build report.

[Rageking8]

Seems that P2493R0 is a DR, hence the change of superscript in commit 14e1a74. However, looking at the definition of DR:

cpp-docs/docs/overview/visual-cpp-language-conformance.md

Line 646 in 25815cb

<a name="note_DR"></a> **DR** These features are enabled in all C++ [`/std`](../build/reference/std-specify-language-standard-version.md) compiler option modes. The C++ Standard committee adopted this change as a retroactive Defect Report to C++11 and all later versions.

It does not seem to be applicable to this and a couple of other usages.

[v-dirichards]

@TylerMSFT

Can you review the proposed changes?

Important: When the changes are ready for publication, adding a #sign-off comment is the best way to signal that the PR is ready for the review team to merge.

#label:"aq-pr-triaged"
@MicrosoftDocs/public-repo-pr-review-team